Page 93 - eBook_Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Manufacturing V2

Fabrication and Characterization of a Low-Cost Piezoelectric using Rochelle
Salt for Energy Harvesting and Sensor Applications

Figure shows a phase diagram and microstructures for an
alloy, highlighting the relationship between temperature,
composition, and processing techniques. The diagram shows
different phases (L, α, α+β) and their changes with temperature
and composition. The microstructures include dendritic (top left)
and globular (bottom left) forms, typical in casting and SSMP.
Various processing techniques like casting, thixoforming, hot
forging, and cold forging are shown on the diagram based on their
temperature ranges (Ji, Wang & Dong, 2022; Kavinjr, Rashidi &
Ahmad, 2019; Mohammed, Omar, Salleh & Alhawari, 2013;
Mohammed, Omar, Salleh, Zailani & Alhawari, 2012; Omar,
Atkinson & Kapranos, 2011). Non-ferrous metals also exhibit
shear thinning and thickening, but their coarser grains and diverse
phases lead to different responses. Despite these differences, both
types of metals rely on thixotropic properties for optimal flow and
solidification during SSMP, highlighting the importance of
understanding and controlling these behaviours for effective
processing (Mohammed, Omar, Salleh, Alhawari & Kapranos,
2013; Keung, Lee, Shan & Luo, 2008).

Significance of Material Selection in SSMP

Despite competition from traditional casting methods, SSMP is
experiencing a resurgence in demand for both ferrous and non-
ferrous metals, especially in the automotive industry. SSMP
enables the efficient production of complex, high-performance
parts, meeting the growing need for lightweight, durable, and
high-performance components (Chang et al., 2020). Discussion
has been made and the differences between ferrous and non-
ferrous metal toward SSMP can be briefly summarised in Table
12.

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