Page 101 - eBook_Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Manufacturing V2

Fabrication and Characterization of a Low-Cost Piezoelectric using Rochelle
Salt for Energy Harvesting and Sensor Applications

(b)

Figure 37: Microstructure development for samples (a) S660-20
and (b)S680-60 (Tajudin, Ahmad, Alias, Alang & Naher, 2025).

Table 13: Microstructure comparison between the finest and the
worst samples (Tajudin, Ahmad, Alias, Alang & Naher, 2025).

Sample Grain Size Circularity Aspect Feret
(µm²) Ratio Diameter
(µm)
S660-20 2507.87 0.75 1.34 69.4
S680-60 5254.69 0.69 1.64 95.81

Other SSMP for Non-Ferrous

Although an in-depth discussion was provided for only two
techniques, a wide array of SSMP methods remains, including
rheomoulding, thhixomoulding, rheo-extrusion, thixo-extrusion,
semi-solid twin roll casting, rheo-mixing, Gas-induced Semi-solid
(GISS), Ultrasonic Vibration (UV), Swirled Enthalpy
Equilibration Device (SEED), Strain-Induced Melts Activation
(SIMA), and Recrystallisation and Partial Melting (RAP). Each
method is analysed for its ability to produce fine, globular
microstructures (Ji, Wang & Dong, 2022).Although the described
technologies are primarily applied to non-ferrous metals, its
principles could be adapted for ferrous metals with further
research. These advancements in SSMP technology have the

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